Globalization and World Trade Organization Essay Example for Free

Globalization and World Trade Organization EssayOften perceived as the strongest instrument of sphericalization and athletic supporter of economic liberalism, the other facet of the World Trade Organization encounters its existence as an adamant global regime. For the concerned reason, Debi Barker and Jerry Mander have called WTO as a form of Invisible Government in one of their publications for the International Forum on Globalization (IFG). chinaware and Globalization Behind mainland chinawares falsify reaction to globalisation with full potential of leading the global providence, thinkers consider an aspiration to supplant the existing super power of the world. But for China, globalization is a double edged sword since it brings forth both the threats and favours for worlds fastest growing parsimoniousness. consort to Peter Drysdale, it is because of Chinas access to the global food marketplace that it has reached the first rank among the developing countries of A sia. Exposure to foreign market free of trade barriers has provided with a number of opportunities to enhance the business circle of Chinese companies. In a matter of two decades starting from 1978 to 1997, China doubled its status in terms of its capital gains by elevating to the tenth position from the ordinal rank in the worlds economy.This fact suggests that Chinas excel in the international trade does not completely depend on its entrance in the WTO. In fact the country had embarked its way towards economic pre-eminence long before joining WTO. This means that Chinas success though boomed by WTO had its very beginning with the economic globalization. Attitudes of Chinese towards Globalization Just like any other existing phenomenon in the scene of human existence, globalization cannot be confined in a single frame of thought and any rigid point of enamour merely makes it a matter of intuition rather than rationality.With both the negative and commanding impacts of globaliza tion for China standing clear, there are three types of attitudes existing among people regarding the relentless process of globalization. According to Charles Andrews, there people advocate and favour one of the three stands namely, Pro-globalization, Anti-globalization and Reformist Approach. 1 Pro-Globalization The first group of people hold a positive view of globalization for China by measuring the countrys success in terms of strengthening economic position in the global market and increasing cognizance of the world about China.Lin Yifu, a professor of economics at the University of Beijing, is among such people who vision no challenge of globalization to China. Pro-globalists affect a group of liberal minded people who condones the risks of globalization in favour the opportunities it has provided. 2 Anti-Globalization Contrary to pro-globalization, Anti-globalization rejects every bright angle of increasing globalization. It is because consolidation is a two way process. W hen China permeates foreign countries, these countries are meetly permitted to invade Chinas domestic market.As many fruits and cereals are cheaper in the global market as compared to that of Chinas, when the exporters of these goods invade China they leave the country men (whose livelihood depends on the agriculture) at the edge of starvation away from such risks, the anti-globalists also take an account of translational terrorism by cross-b launch criminal activities and the proliferation of weapons. Certain events of recent past also favour such allegations against globalization.It s because of the cross border criminal activities and stalking that events like 9/11 trampled one of the most lucrative economic centres of the world. Anti-globalists belong to various walks of life with their antagonist to globalization in terms of their field. For instance, many linguists across the globe talk about linguistic genocide and the overwhelming role of English as a lingua franca which is causing the death of many regional languages. In short, for the group of people who are propelled to anti-globalization, globalization is nothing but a seafarer.Jumping into this trap would crush the whole domestic industry, agriculture, and service sectors. 3 Reformist Approach The reformists hold a balanced point of view towards globalization. With an over all positive attitude towards globalization, they believe that while the advantages of globalization are long term, the short term threats of globalization for China cannot be ignored. For them, at one hand globalization means increased monetary gains, growth of domestic industry by competition with foreign companies and aggrandizing compatibility of China with the global community.At the other hand, they also bring under consideration the issues like growing unemployment as a result of declining industries facing foreign competitions and by widening the gap between classes by hike lowering down the farmers and other such people to a still lower status. The threat to the farmers livelihood is clear in China that has over-emphasized the manufacture of non-agricultural products in the wake of the last few years. Consequently, innumerable farmers of China were left with their decline resulting from unemployment.China and World Trade Organization The progressive integrating of China into the world trading system- spurred by its social rank of WTO in 2001- has provided China with secure, open and predictable export markets. According to the economists, behind the rapid rise of China in the global economy lies one key factor the entrance of China in the World Trade Organization. The economic and financial analysts of global market base this opinion on the foundation that the major(ip) boom of China occurred after 2001 (the time when China joined WTO).In the words of David Dollar, the World assert country director for China, Since China joined the WTO, its exports have grown at an average set out of 2 9 percent per year. It was in December 2001 that China (the one-sixth largest economy with a population of 1. 3 billion at that time) joined the World Trade Organization. Previously China had remained one of the twenty three spying countries of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Impacts of WTO membership on Chinas Economy After its membership of WTO, Chinas trade rate increased rapidly from 44% to 72% in 2006.It was after a foresight into the future that China compromised on a number of WTO policies in order to enter into the WTO. These were the conditions that apparently conflicted with Chinas economy. According to Gregory C. Chow of Princeton University, three most salient conditions for China included 1. Declining the tariff rates on the import of goods from foreign countries. 2. Being conducive in the practice of free trade by letting the foreign companies sell their products directly in the domestic market of China.3. Establishment of improved telecommunicatio n and finance industry for the sake of increased competition. Contrary to the analysts expectations, both Chinas macro economy and micro economy did not suffer a set back after its entrance into the WTO since the net results proved to be well-heeled thereby compensating the scanty amount of losses. With a rapid growth of Chinas exports, its increasing imports do not appear to be a threat for the countrys economy. Impacts of WTO membership on ChinaChinas acceptance to become the member of the World Trade Organization was not merely a matter of flourishing its economy but a reason for a series of the countrys aims. According to Wayne M. Morrison, China saw a potential of playing a major role in trade laws of WTO and indirectly practice an economic hegemony. In the contemporary world with flourishing business and finance, the economic stability is often seen as a measuring stick to mark the countries over all power.So, Chinas increasing economic strength does not only suggest its fina ncial stability but its potential to become the super power in future. Morrison also believes that another major goal of China behind the membership is to harbour the status of Most Favored Nation and permanent normal trade relations. Even if the World Trade Organization holds a stringent policy for equal treatment of all nations, the bigger nations with their dominating presence somehow benefit as compared to the under developed countries.Previously, these privileges were dominantly celebrated by the U. S. Impact of WTO membership on China Banking Industry It is the overwhelming effect of WTO membership that it has left not a single institution of the country untouched. With almost seven years of WTO membership and business people facing free trade, Chinas financial sector is now open to foreign banks. This has exposed the customers to a number of ripe and improved management mechanisms and services.In the words of Wang Zhaoxing of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, The int roduction of competition and strategic investors will be conducive to improving innovation, management and favourableness of domestic banks. With considerable involvement of foreign banks into China, Chinas leading banks including the Bank of China, China Construction Bank and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China have emerged as trusted names in the international banking. Although appearing as a threat for smaller banks, such a scenario is highly favourable for a Chinese customer because in either way, they would get better services.

Food and Beverage Essay Example for Free

Food and Beverage Essay* Food and Beverage dish out is the food and beverage flow (from the buy of the foods to service to the customer) primarily concerned with the delivery and presentation of the food to customer, after completion of the food production. * Sometimes, it involves transportation if there is a separation of production and service facilities. Beverage * French bevrage, from boivre (to drink), from Latin bibo . * It is also said to be derived from the Latin word Bever meaning rest or repose from the work. * The term beverage refers to completely kinds of potable drinks which have thirst quenching, refreshing, stimulating, and nourishing properties.* Any potable( drinkable) liquid batch be termed as beverage which regulates the stomach system and balances the pH level. * Beverages be consumed mainly to quench thirst , compensate loss of body fluid due to perspiration, feel fresh and active, as rituals, during social gatherings, and during and after eating. * B roadly beverage can be classified into two ways 1. Alcoholic Beverage 2. Non- Alcoholic Beverage What is Alcoholic Beverage? * Alcohol is a colorless, odorless and volatile liquid. * It is a potable liquid containing ethyl inebriant or ethanol(C2H5OH) of 0. 5 per cent more by volume.* The percentage of alcohol in a drink varies from 0. 5 to 95 per cent , depending upon the method of preparation. * Alcohol is obtained by fermenting a liquid containing sugar. * The word alcohol came from the Arabic word al-kohl which referred to any fine grind that was applied to essences obtained by distillment by the alchemists of medieval Europe. Fermentation is the process in which a liquid containing sugar is acted upon by yeast which converts the sugar into alcohol and gives off carbon dioxide. * E. g. Grape juice- Wine * Apple Juice- Cider * Pear Juice- Perry.* Distillation is the process of separating elements in a liquid by vaporization and condensation. * During the distillation process of alcoholic beverages, the alcohol which is present in the fermented liquid(alcoholic wash) is separated from water. * Spirits are the examples of distilled drinks and the plants producing the spirits are known as distilleries. * The following wash are responsible for particular spirits which are as following * Brandy- fermented grape juice * Gin, Whisky- fermented cereals * Tequila- fermented sap of Agave Tequilana weber * Rum- fermented molasses * Vodka- fermented potatoes or cereal.

Advantage And Disadvantagess Of Disney Cruises

Advantage And Disadvantagess Of Disney Cruises Cruises traveling is become to a greater extent and more popular nowadays. In this article, a very famous canvasthe Disney Cruises is introduced, including basic information, advantage and evil analysis, and the future development trend.Cruise Tourism is maven of the major growth areas of world tourism (Peisley, 1992 Hobson, 1993 Cruise Lines International Association, 1995). Before the development of air travel, passenger liners were commonly used for overseas traveling in the 1800 s . Along with the development of the economic, raft became richer and richer. More and More people deal to travel farther overseas for different sightseeing. So the cruise industry came into being and became a traveling method( Robert E. Wood , 2000)For the clipping being, after about 200 years development, the cruise tourism has grown very fast and got well development ( LIBURD, J.J. 2001 ) . Cruise lines are developing new and innovative ways to a ttract customers.The cruise ventures for the time being can offer founder rooms than hotels, for example, the rooms in cruise ships often wee-wee luxury bathrooms separately for every person with undercover space. What is more, the entertainment activities are various, with singers, dances, casinos and so on. The ships are designed with high-technological systems, in order to decrease the weight and add more space.The world famous cruises include poove Mary 2, Voyager of the Seas, Explorer of the Seas, Adventure of the Seas, Navigator of the Seas, Mariner Of the Seas etc.. The peculiarity and the Magic are likewise two famous ships all around the world which plump to the Disney Cruise company.Disney Cruise Company is an American company . The Disney Cruise has the most stunning destinations-in the most exciting regions around the world international ports of call, from the Caribbean region to europium and beyond.The introduction of Disney CruisesDisney Cruise is operated b y Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, with a headquarter in Celebration, Florida. It is a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company, and the Walt Disney company is a world wild famous company which provide Disney Series products, with a sales network all over the world.The Disney Cruise line was first produced in 1995 and its first operating room was on July 30, 1998. Every ship, the love and the Magic, has 900 staterooms with world advanced level of design. The current routes include the Bahamas, the Carribean etc. ( M Mancini , 2004 ) .The chief executive officer of the Disney Cruises is Karl Holz. The Disney Cruises is a branch of the Walt Disney Company. Right now the Disney lines have many customers all over the world with the famous Disney brand.The ships were mainly marketed for family vacations and have customized Disney traveling projects. (PF Wilkinson ,1999) .The Magic ship was first operated on July 30, 1998. And the Wonder ship started to ship from August 15, 1999. Both of the ships have luxury restaurants and entertainment balls and parties( M Mancini , 2004 ) . In recent years, the Disney is becoming more and more popular in adults. Many adults make do the Disney Cruises because they can playing like kids at the same time of traveling all lover the world.Currently, the Disney Cruise Line has two ships, the Magic ship and the Wonder ship. Right now, Disney is creating two new cruise ships. These two vessels, named the Disney Dream and the Disney Fantasy are under construction. When these ships put into use in the future, they testament help to fan out the Disney lines fleet. The Magic ship is expected to set sail in 2011, and the Wonder ship about one year later, will set sail in 2012. Whats more, Disney also owns a private island called Castaway Cay, it is in the Bahamas and is used as an exclusive port of call for Disneys ships.Disney Cruise DestinationsThe cruises lines have many destinations (Common-wealth of Australia, 1995). It sails to the mos t alone(p) and beautiful places in the world. The destinations include the world most famous beaches, holiday villages and other sight seeing places. The Disney ships go travels to Caribbean Islands, Bahamas, the Mediterranean Region and so on.The Mediterranean Region includes Spain, Italy, England, Sicily etc., actually this region receives many tourists from all over the world. In Spain region, tourists can go to the city of Barcelona and go shopping, for this is also a shopping heaven. speak to other places, the Disney Cruises also travel to Barbados, Costa Maya, St. Kitts and St. Lucia. In a word, the Disney Cruises travel to the most beautiful and wonderful places in the world, that is why so many people all around the world select the Disney Cruise line and love its vacation.The advantage analysis of Disney CruisesThere are many advantages of Disney Cruise so many people choose it for overseas traveling.It is Mickey And it is loved by so many children. Disney is vacation hea ven for children it provides v ery good traveling environment and smooth kid s programs. It has about one third of the ship only for children. And most rooms are both balconies for sightseeing ( MB Sehlinger, L Opsomer, L Testa , 2009 ).It has so many excellent programs specially customized for children. I t has many teen centers and variety of projects.As for entertainment, it has top quality musicals. Besides, it private s island Castaway Cay . What s more, Disney is a famous tourism brand, not only for cruises, but also for theme parks. T he packages can confidence Disney cruises with theme parksSome of the tourists sad, Disney is more of an expensive cruise and they are worth every penny. Their private island is immaculate and awesome. The Disney cruise lines are different with others in many details. It provides fine accommodations, and most rooms are giving perfect experience with more space than other ships.The Disney line has very cute enhancive things loved by most chi ldren It has variety of playing games, not only for children but also for adults.The disadvantage analysis of Disney CruisesThe ship only has about one third of the places for adults many places are prepared for the children. S o some people think that it is not a very proper one for adults only, better with children.Disney is the only line for free fuel surcharge and this line offers free soda for 24 hours per day. But if comparing other costs, Disney seems more expensive compare with other cruise lines, the Disney ships, both the Magic and the Wonder, are a little bit small. The Royal Caribbean ships have the scales at over 150,000 lashings, however, Disney only around 80,000 tonsThere is no casino on board, some passengers dont like this.Some tourists think that their unsavory food and impolite serving are terrible. The European tourists dont like the food. Whats more, the waiters told tourists that they are providing food mainly for Middle Americas who like eating meat loaf at the dinner. The food much better are all posit extra pay for Europeans.It has terrible service. T he work ethic and cleanliness are also dissatisfied. The staff of the Disney Cruises asks tourists for satisfaction cards, to give 1 to 5 gibe for their service. However, the staff bed for scores of 5 or else they will get fired. It is sad and insulting for the tourists. The tourists have to give 5 scores, with dissatisfying mood.Some tourists think it is a terrible experience they doubt the band of Disney and can not trust it any more. Other cruise companies offer better products and service, they will choose another(prenominal) cruise line next time.The future development of Disney CruisesIn the next two or three years, Disney Cruises will add two ships and provide more wonderful lines ( DOWLING, R.K., ed. 2006 ). The future trend of the cruise tourism is that it will add more cruises lines with variety of lifestyles. And the ships will be bigger and bigger. As for the service, it will also become better both in quality and quantity. The cruise tourism will cover more destinations with more playing programs. So there will be a very bright future for the cruise tourism. It will be a choice for more and more tourists. As for the Disney line, will the operation of two more ships, the Disney line will receive more passengers and provide wonderful holidays. We believe that in the next few years, the cruises traveling will be selected by more people and the Disney Cruise line will have more market share and more customers with its excellent vacation design, good service etc.

Key characteristics of life-span development

Key characteristics of aliveness- broom increaseErik Erikson suggests that reading is a life-long continuous process in which gains and losses in development occur passim the life cycle. This challenges the concept of circumstantial flows in Freuds possible action. ontogeny is multidimensionalDevelopment occurs in the biologic, cognitive, and neighborly domains. The biological domain includes the physical changes an psyche experiences throughout the style of their life. This would include growth and development in the body. An example of the biological aspect is hormonal changes during puberty. Puberty is the point in time where the development of sexual characteristics begins, and bequeath allow these humans to become sexually active and be able to produce gametes for reproduction. The challenges an adolescence talent face going through puberty is the need to vary to changes occurring to the physical body, emotional changes such as feeling self-conscious about their ch anging body, and amiable changes such as developing the capacity for abstract judgement and problem-solving.Development is multidirectionalSome aspects of development whitethorn be increasing while others are declining or remains unchanged. For example, during late bragging(a)hood, older adults might become wiser with succession but they perform more than poorly than younger adults on tasks that require speed in processing information.Development is plasticDevelopment can be modified by life circumstances to some extent. According to Paul Baltes, humans have the capacity of plasticity or positive change to environmental difficulties throughout life.For example, an individual who grew up in a broken home environment with an abusive father may turn out fine and do well in adulthood as the issues get healed along the lifespan.Development is dependent on history and contextDevelopment is influenced by diachronic conditions. The historical time period in which we grow up affects o ur development. For example, minorren in premature, middle or late tykehood who grew up amidst a war may experience a lack in moral development when compared to those who grew up in a safe and stable environment. The children may grow up having alter functioning in the cognitive, behavioral, affable and emotional aspect of their development.Development is multidisciplinaryDevelopment is studied by a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, neuroscience, and medicine. For example in medicine, one firmament of biological research which has significant importance for development is looking into slowing d take the aging process. Their focus is in anti-aging foods and medicines which can reverse the biological soulfulness-to-person effects of aging and some already have shown significant effects in animal studies.Development is contextualDevelopment occurs in the context of a persons biological makeup, physical environment, and social, historical, an d cultural contextsnormative age-graded influences biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group (e.g., puberty, beginning school)normative history-graded influences biological and environmental influences that are associated with history influences that are common to great deal of a particular generation. An example is when the Singapore Government implemented the Stop at twain child policy in 1969 to help control the rapid population growth. It had succeeded in significantly reducing the population however, it had influenced women greatly as they started to pursue careers in the lead having children and this gave rise to numerous University graduated women failing to marry and bear offspring.non-normative life events unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individuals life the occurrence, pattern, and grade of these events are non applicable to most individuals (e.g., death of a parent at a young age, getting a s erious illness, winning a lottery)Development Involves Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of LossThe mastery of life often feigns conflicts and competition among three goals of human development growth, maintenance, and regulation. Growth starts primaeval on in life from infancy through late adulthood. Maintenance and regulation follows after that around middle and late adulthood as individuals capacities take centre stage. This is the time of maintaining skills and minimizing deterioration. make-up 2Biological ProcessesBiological processes involve changes in an individuals physical nature. Examples of biological processes includes, star development, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills, hormonal and changes occurring in puberty.I will be focusing on the biological process of puberty which occurs during adolescence. Puberty is a time of maturation of the re successful system and hormonal changes occurring in the brain. During puberty, in the case of males, a hormone called testosterone which are responsible for physical and behavioral masculinization, are released. Studies that use data on adolescents have generally ready positive correlations between testosterone levels and aggressive or anti social behavior. Research on adolescents has also found that higher testosterone levels in adolescents is associated with increased sexual action mechanism (Halpern, et al., 1998), age at first sexual intercourse (Dunne et al, 1997), increased poisonous activity (Booth and Osgood, 1993), increased tobacco and alcohol use (Zitzmann and Nieschlag, 2001). In terms of criminal behavior, Dabbs et al. (1995) conducted a fascinating study of 692 male prison inmates, finding testosterone related to type of crime and to behavior in prison. Testosterone was highest among inmates convicted of child molestation, rape, homicide, and assault, and it was lowest among inmates convicted of burglary, theft, and drug offences.In relation to Eriksons theory, in stage 5 of his Psychosocial theory which identifies the crisis of identity vs. identity confusion, this is a time of trying out new things till the adolescence establishes a personal identity or fails doing so and ends up be confuse with his constituent in life.cognitive ProcessesCognitive processes involve changes in the individuals thought, intelligence, and language.According to Piagets Cognitive Development Theory, children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development.Sensorimotor Stage (Birth 2 years)The first stage of cognitive development is where childs are able to construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as captivateing and hearing) with physical (motor) actions. For example, when an object is place in the babes contact and touches its palm, the fingers will then close and grasp it. This is known as the palmar grasps reflex.Preoperational Stage(2 7 years)The second stage is where thought becomes more symbolic, egocentric, and intuitive rather than logical, however, it is not operational. For example, the child is able to conduct symbolic piece of cake in which the children pretend that one object is another. To quote an example, little girls at this stage would conduct role play of a tea party in which they assign soft toys (symbols) roles representing their mother and father. To demonstrate egocentrism of the child at this stage, Piaget conducted the three mountains task in which children were asked to select a picture that showed the three mountains from their tantrumpoint. The children had little problems selecting the correct picture. However, when asked to select a picture from someone elses viewpoint, the children ended up selecting the same picture which showed their own viewpoint. This showed the childrens inability to understand things from another persons perspective.Concrete Operational Stage (7 11 years)This is the stage where logic begins to develop and thus the child is able to soil logically about concrete events and able to recognize the concept of conservation. For example, children in the concrete operational stage is able to distinguish that the volume of water in a tall and narrow cup is equivalent to that in the short and wide cup when equal amounts are poured from the same container. However, the child is unable to think hypothetically and have difficulty understanding abstract concepts.Formal Operational Stage (11 years adulthood)In this stage, the child is able to reason in a more abstract, idealistic and logical manner. The child is able to think theoretically and hypothetically in which the latter is important in subjects such as mathematics and science. The child is less egocentric and thus is able to understand things in a different perspective. The child is also able to conduct deductive reasoning where he is able to reason from generalities to specifics.Socioemotional ProcessesSocioemotional processes involve changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in personality and emotions.Eriksons Psychosocial Theory states that the primary motivation for human behavior is social and, reflects a swear to affiliate with other people. Erikson views development as a lifelong process consisting of a unique developmental task that confronts individual with a crisis that requires resolution. Failure to do so would direct in possible detrimental outcomes in adulthood.Eriksons 8 stages of human developmentTrust vs. Mistrust ( 0 1 year)In this stage, the infant is learning to trust others and the world. Trust is established when babies are given adequate and consistent warmth, loving touch and physical care. However, mistrust can develop if inadequate, incongruous care is given by cold, indifferent and rejecting parents.Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt ( 1-3 years)Autonomy is the independence developed when toddlers are encouraged by their parents for doing things by themsel ves (e.g. give notice on shoes) versus the shame and doubt if the caregiver were to reprimand the child for not being able to do the task promptly.Initiative vs. Guilt ( 3- 5 years)This is an filename extension of the second stage where, initiative develops when the pre-school-going child is encouraged to explore and take on new challenges versus the guilt that the child may experience if the parents criticize, prevent play or discourages asking questions.Industry vs. Inferiority ( 6 12 years)This is in the context of primary school where the child is supported or p raised by teachers for doing for productive activities versus the inferiority that may occur if the childs efforts are regarded as inadequate or messy.Identity vs. Role confusion ( 10 20 years)The teenage years involve the need to establish a consistent personal identity versus role confusion where the adolescence is unsure of the direction he is heading.Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s , 30s)In this stage, niggardlines s develops when the individual begins establishing mature relationships with friends, family and eventually a lover or a spouse as he or she has the ability to care for others and sharing experiences with them. However, closing off develops when the individual is deemed as a loner and uncared for in his or her life. There is a relationship between this stage and the first stage which was trust vs. mistrust. For example, if an infant receives consistent tender loving care from the caregivers, trust would be developed and thus this would likely lead to the individual developing functional relationships in his adult life and vice versa, if the infant developed mistrust in his first year of life due to neglect from caregiver, there is a likelihood that the individual might end up being solitary in adulthood.Generativity vs Stagnation (40s , 50s)Generativity refers to the interest in guiding the next generation in terms of red on values and traditions versus stagnation where the individ ual is only concerned with their individual needs and thus values are lost. Examples would be those who are single and/or married without children.Integrity vs. despair ( 60s onwards)Integrity occurs when the individual reflects upon life and has no regrets as they have lived a rich and responsible life versus despair where the individual views previous life events with regrets and experiences heartache and remorse.Theme 3Nature vs. NurtureThe nature-nurture controversy involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature is a product of genetic or prenatal environment where children are born with certain behaviors that are innate and are inborn biases. Nurture on the other hand, is the effects of certain experiences depending on the individuals perception. Genetically, some people are born with defects in their genes that can affect their brain function and emotions. Environmentally, severe cruel treatment of small children can create predispositions to becoming afflicted with no empathy and abnormal behaviors. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believes in noble savages where children were naturally gift with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth.On the contrary, the tabula rasa view by John Locke states that Children are born as unfilled slates and acquire characteristics through experience. This theory favors the nurture aspect of the debate with regards to ones personality, intelligence, social and emotional behavior.I would like to highlight on Schizophrenic serial killers. schizophrenic psychosis is a mental disorder characterized by disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests as auditoryhallucinations,paranoidor bizarredelusions, or disorganized speech and sentiment, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction.The disease is mostly genetically inherited as those having a first-degree relative wi th the disease are at a higher risk of developing it. An example of a notorious serial killer suffering from this disease is Ed Gein. He was not only known for brutally killing two women but for exhuming their corpses from local graveyards and fashioned trophies and keepsakes from their bones and skin. It was the horrific way of mutilation and the bizarre bring out of body parts in his home that raises questions as to why someone would do such a cruel act. Ed grew up in a strict and religious family with the presence of both parents in the household. A shy, effeminate boy, the younger Gein became a target for bullies. To make matters worse, his mother punished him whenever he move to make friends. She also abused him and his brother. Despite his poor social development, he did fairly well in school, particularly in reading. Death in the family followed as firstly, his father died and then his brother and followed by his mother. All these environmental factors accounts for the abno rmal behavioral patterns elicited by Ed. Therefore in this example, we cant safely take root that traits of a serial killer are purely genetic (nature) or purely environmental (nurture).However it is the fundamental interaction between these two traits that causes development of such a behavior.Continuity vs. DiscontinuityThis issue focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).Developmentalists who emphasize nurture describe development as a gradual, continuous process whereas those who emphasizes nature often describe development as a series of distinct stages.For example, Freuds stage model of psychosexual development, theorized that children systematically move through distinct stages of oral, anal, phallic, and latency stages before reaching mature adult sexuality in the genital stage. Proponents of stage theories of development also suggest that individuals go through critical periods, which are times of increased and favored sensitivity to particular aspects of development. For example, early childhood (the first 5 years) is a critical period for language acquisition. Thus, most adults find it difficult or impossible to master a second language during their adult years while young children raised in bilingual homes normally learn second languages easily during childhood.Theorist Erik Erikson expanded upon Freuds ideas by proposing astage theory of psychosocial development.Eriksons theory focused on conflicts that arise at different stages of development and, unlike Freuds theory, Erikson described development throughout the lifespan..Stability vs. ChangeThis issue involves the degree to which we become older renditions of our early experience or we develop into someone different from who we were at an early point in development. Many developmentalists who emphasize stability in development surround that stability is the result of heredity and possibly early experiences in life. Relating back to the above example of Ed Gein, he grew up socially introverted as he was discouraged making friends by his mother. In this case, he has attained stability where his personal experiences early on in childhood became a accelerator for who he would turn out to be in adulthood a serial killer.On the contrary, developmentalists who emphasize change take the more optimistic view that later experiences can produce change. I would like to quote the example of Liz Murray repair known for being Homeless to Harvard. Murray grew up in the Bronx, New York to poor, drug addicted, and HIV-positive parents. She overcame hardships in her youth and struggled her way to achieve success and was accepted into Harvard University. Such, is an example of change that can occur later on in life and proves that early experiences can shape us in different ways.Theme 4With regards to my friends extreme view that Eriksons psychosocial perspective was sufficient in describing human life span development, I disagree to that statement as they are many other theories to consider before making a conclusion as to which was sufficient.Psychoanalytic theoriesThe terra firma of Eriksons psychosocial theory is influenced by Freuds psychosexual theory. Eriksons works on extending Freuds theory as he found that Freuds ideas lacked vital social dimensions, and through his research and findings, it provided a discover for his biopsychosocial perspective. Eriksons view of human development was life-long through his 8 stages which occur throughout life whereas Freuds view of development was through critical periods which consist of the 5 stages at adolescent.Freud proposed that in the first stage, if the nursing childs appetite were thwarted during anylibidinaldevelopment stage, theanxietywould persist into adulthood as aneurosis(functional mental disorder). If aninfant is not fed enough (neglected) or fed too much (over-protected) in the course of being nursed, it may result i n the child growing up as an orally fixated adult. Oral-stage fixation may have one of two effects (i) the underfed or neglected child might become a psychologically dependent adult continually seeking the oral stimulation denied in infancy, thereby becoming a manipulative person in fulfilling his or her needs, rather than maturing to independence (ii) the over-protected or over-fed child might resist growing up and return to being dependent upon others. Example of the precedent would be an individual who grows up to be an orally fixated adult who is an over-eater or a smoking addict to compensate for the insufficient oral stimulation as an infant. On the contrary, the latter is an individual who grows up to be dependent on others and demanding satisfaction through acting helpless, crying and being needy. Therefore this highlights the importance of critical periods in Freuds stage theory.In Eriksons theory on the other hand, it presented individuals with a crisis at each stage wher e, depending on how one handle the challenge, it will result in positive or negative outcomes which can significantly affect ones personality and development.The benefits of this theory is that it emphasizes on the eight character-forming crisis stages, the concept also asserts that humans keep open to change and develop throughout their lives, and that personality is not exclusively formed during early childhood years. It is certainly a view that greatly assists encouraging oneself and others to see the future as an opportunity for positive change and development, instead of looking back with blame and regret. The better that people come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies ahead, but this is not to say that all is lost and never to be recovered if a person has had a negative experience during any particular crisis stage.However with every theory, there are limitations and this includes Eriksons theory. One of which is its ambiguous terms and conce pts which can have several interpretations. Another reason is its lack of precision as some terms cannot be easily measure empirically. The experiences in some stages may only apply to males and not females.Cognitive theoriesPiagets cognitive development theory presented cognitive development through 4 stages focusing on sensory experiences and physical actions (sensorimotor skills) and this provided the importance of examining developmental changes in childrens thinking.Vygotsky on the other hand, added a social and cultural aspect to his cognitive theory naming it the Sociocultural cognitive theory. He gave emphasize on social interaction and culture in shaping a childs cognitive process. He stresses that knowledge is not generated from within, but rather constructed through interaction with persons and cultural objects (such as books, computers).Banduras social cognitive theory focuses on the importance of environment to an individuals behavior. He emphasized the process of obser vational learning though imitation or modeling where people cognitively represent the behavior of others and adopt this behavior themselves.Information -processing theory emphasizes that human beings are active information processors that bring forth the process of thinking and thus learning good strategies for processing information is crucial.There are many factors that can affect human life span development and this includes the developmental processes in 3 key areas namely biological, cognitive and socioemotional. These three processes work hand in hand in the development of an integrated individual with a mind and body that are interdependent. The different theories address the different aspects of development and thus we cant conclude that only the Erikson theory best describes human development. Instead, adopting an eclecticist approach is more accurate as it selects the best features from each theory. For example, Freuds theory best explains the unconscious mind while Erikso ns theory best describes development being a life-long process and highlights the changes occurring in each stage. Piagets theory views cognitive development through sensorimotor and operational stages. Vygotsky added a social and cultural aspect to it and information-processing theory views humans as being capable to actively process information. Combining the three cognitive theories provided a holistic approach to cognitive development.Behavioral and social cognitive theories such as Banduras, provided environmental influences on development.In conclusion, there is not one theory that can adequately explain human development but rather adopting an eclectic approach provided the best solution in holistically understanding human development.

Management Decision Making Process Commerce Essay

Management Decision Making Process Commerce EssayDecision making suffice is an important break off of new era management. This is the main function of management where the director responsibility to restrain a best ending. As define by Baker et al., (2002) in their study, efficient decision-making involve a series of steps that require the input of information at different stages of the play, as well as a process feedback. Managers overly should have to involve and reponsibles in ensure the decision making in short-term and immediate goals are aligned to the oraganizations long term objectives. It is also supported by Schwarber (2005) study stated that, it would be a superoir coachs responsible to develop decision making in management strategic and decide whom should be involved in the manaement decision making process. Daft (2010) claimed that the model of strategic management in decision making process were developed by Kepner and Tregoe in 1979. This model was also support ed by other study Harrison (1996), and Lunenburg (2010) in applying Kepner and Tregoes decision making process model, (Harrison,1996 Lunenburg, 2010 Mcshane Glinow, 2010). The function of decision making is to setting managerial objective, searching for resource, compare and rate alternative (Harrison, 1996). According to the rational model, the decision making process can be illustrate into six steps (Lunenburg, 2010). pass Figure 1The first component of decision making process is recognizing the requirement of decision. The requirement can be as a problem or opportunity. A problem can be occurs when the company or organization performance are below their target and unsatisfied. An opportunity will occur when the manager see the good potential to make their achievement exceed their target. Effective leaders would recognize problem situation and play a vital intention in coming up with the best possible solution in the decision making process, (Schwarber, 2005). The process of identifying problems requires to be alerted and pay attention towards the infixed and international purlieu, that would be locomote the organization directly or indirectly. The external environment would be provided the information towards organizations in assessing their strengths and weaknesses of the organization along with the opportunities and threats in the external environment (Harisson, 1996). Problem situation plays a major role in subsequent steps, thus managers must determine and define the problems situation specifically in achieving the coveted outcomes (Lunenburg, 2010). Besides, managers need to recognize the conflicts happened in the organization promptly to makes the effectiveness of management decision making by take in account the element of the internal and external environment (Elbanna, Ali, Dayan, 2011). Problem situation plays a major role in subsequent steps, thus managers must determine and define the problems situation specifically in achieving the d esired outcomes (Lunenburg, 2010). For example, the manager of abrasion Bun and other top management are analyse the causes of their business are running with less guest compared to KFC. They also have to recognize the main factors of what and why the problems had happened.After recognised the problems in organization, the second step is generate the alternatives of the recognized problems. In generating the alternatives they should involve poem of person to help the manager in obtain the needed information, come up with the creative alternative and gain comment (Schwarber, 2005). This is because in this step manager should have generated as many alternative of action as possible to put to work the problem. This actually can be done by brainstorming. One of these techniques in brainstorming process is brain writing (Brown Paulus, 2002). A study by Wang (2000) found that in brain writing, group members wrote their ideas on a piece of report card and passed them on to the next g roup member, who read the ideas, added his or her on idea and passed the paper on. However, there are a few other techniques that can be used in order to accomplish brainstorming process such as mind mapping, restating purposes and weaving points across topic The more important the decision toward the organizations, thus it would be lead the more in developing alternatives in achieving the solution of the recognized problems (Lunenburg, 2010). In the situation of company kale Bun, after they recognized the poor services as the main problems, the top managements will delegates the task to employees to do brainstorming in creates as many as possible of the alternatives to solve these problems. The potential for generating a lot of ideas is one of the reasons for group brainstorming become the most favourable option for sugar Bun to choose the best alternative for their recognized problems.Third step in decision making process is evaluates the alternatives in achieving the organizati on desired outcomes. This step is important to choose the best alternative. In this step, management can rate their alternative and analyse the alternative of causes and effects of choosing among these alternatives (Harrison, 1996). The alternative that is chosen must be acceptable to those who must live with the consequences of the decision. In the Sugar Buns business situation, after they describes all the alternatives in solving the recognized problems, they will evaluate each of the alternatives and select the most promising of several(prenominal) alternative course of action. Sugar Bun rates the alternatives based on what is most important and that would be attract customers to come to their restaurant.The fourth step is choosing an alternative. Managers would evaluate the requirements and generate alternatives in achieve the desired organizations goal, (Baker et al., 2002). The basic judgment should be close to the outcomes or the consequences of the alternative come to achiev e the desired goals of company, (Lunenburg, 2010). Among of these alternatives, they found that they should all give more learning to their staff or improve the facilities in Sugar Bun Restaurant. This is the alternatives they should be delveed in solving the service problems in Sugar Bun. Normally, manager was choosing the decision with the least amount of risk and uncertainty. For example, Sugar Bun are choosing the first alternative to solve the problem which is they have to improve the training to their staff. This alternative can make the customer satisfied with the service and will come to their restaurant again.The fifth step in decision making process is implementing the alternative. Implementing the decision making process is to transform an abstraction into a reality operation in achieving the outcome (Harrison, 1996). A sound decision can sell if implemented poorly, (Lunenburg, 2010). This is the process where the management apply the alternative to their staff or sub ordinates. All staff who was involved with this decision must know their role to make the best outcomes. To make the employees understand their roles, managers must explain the procedures, rules and the detail about their objective to help them to participate in the problem solving decision. For the example of Sugar Bun, the upper echelons will implement the chosen alternative toward the employees in giving training to enhance their job performance, thus indirectly it will favourably affect the customers satisfaction in receiving good service quality.The evaluating decision effectiveness in decision making process is the final step. The implementing of alternative had to be monitored. An outcome is a consequence of decision making in choosing the given alternatives, (Harrison, Pelletier, Harrison, Pelletier, 2005). It is normally involve significant change in organization and may be also affects it stakeholders. An military rating step should provide feedback on how well the outcom e of the decision is being implemented, and the necessary adjustments are required to align with the organization desired goals (Lunenburg, 2010). Manager should knit the information to determine the successful or effectiveness of the decision. Lunenburg (2010) also stated that the evaluation is important because decision making is a continuous, never-ending process. For example, in Sugar Bun case, the manager has to observe the positive change in their daily operation in dealing with customers after the implementation of the decision done. The manager would reanimate feedbacks from customers as monitor the new alternative of problem solving in order to achieve the desired outcomes.As the conclusion, decision making is a process involving choices. The process generally consists of several steps identifying problems, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, choosing an alternative, implementing the decision, and evaluating decision effectiveness (Lunenburg, 2010). Every st ep in decision making process is important and managers have to consider it. This is because management goals or targets cannot be achieved without proper decision making process.

energy :: essays research papers

What do we really need, naught or power? This was a question proposed to me at the beginning of the semester and it really make me think. Energy is a property of matter that can be converted into work, heat, or radiation. It is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light or radiation. Power is the rate of spending nada or energy per unit time. Immediately, I thought the event was energy since you need energy to have power. But then I heard that the answer was power and it boggled my mind, but after it was explained it really opened my mind. We do need energy to have power but what would we do without power. We cant spirited without power. We really need power because it is energy spent per unit time and what is the point of energy if we cant control it.There are six complete forms of energy. They are mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear, and electromagnetic. Mechanical energy is kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy that i s possessed by a body due to its motion. And Potential energy is the Energy that a body possesses by virtue of its physical position above the reference level. Therefore, it depends on height above the reference level and the throng of the object. So potential energy is the mass *gravitational force *height. Thermal energy is the energy of the random motion of particles of a substance. An example of this would be heating plant up by a campfire or taking a hot bath. Chemical energy is energy that is stored in the chemical bonds that hold molecules together. When certain chemicals deepen or react, energy is released unremarkably in the form of heat. Some examples of this would be a tank of gasoline, coal, and natural gas. Electrical energy is the energy of electrons in motion. It is usually generated by the rotation of a conductor in a magnetic field and it is easily converted to other forms of energy.

Personal Ecology :: Creative Writing Essays

Personal Ecology A deep desire to cry. The hanging, haunting chant of Gordon Comes at Night, waves of sweat crystallizing on the skin, loosened joints, unfolded from the lodge into the cold night air. Wiped clean, nothing to say. Reach in perspective for a voice, a meaning, the distance between the earth and the moon in its fullness. Which orbits which? For a year I sat in the only seat that was not part of the circle. Me is still a long way off. Each stanza seems a look in a different direction. For predictive value I wear my lapis necklace, just now Blackfeet-blessed. Gil will become a soulmate but for the time being he is just there. The one I adore I can barely speak to, can barely reach, although he is the nexus of my system. Letting go is a skill. But for all the growth, movement, experiencefor all that, I learn, there is loss. Dances and costumes and heart-pounding drumbeats of the powwow hold the mind in temporary suspense. Men of the tribal council view as away blank ets, toys, dollar bills, scarcely affordable tokens of an amicable nature. I am at peace, but I feel raw, the agony of a first whop and an ideal whose flaws I can never know. There is garbage everywhere on the reservation, but people leave an offering of tobacco when they pick rational or sweetgrassa love and a hate of the land where I expected only love. I gather refuse wherever I go because work is the only sure way to avoid long awkward pauses. This fearperhaps it is inherited, perhaps it just rubbed off on me, but it is a legacy of my mother. Pause is earned, the awe of an eagle feather pressed into the hands, the return for the playground we build. Gil works just as hard and so we work side by side, joined in this practice of leaving a record behind. Community has many meanings. Even now I know that the square beauty, the real friendship, will come later, when words can supplant presence. But I am still here, you know, extracting something and leaving something behind. If I rub my necklace I can genius the continuity with no center.Practice of leaving a record behind The possibility of a recipe. Our Ahtna friends cook a feast of fresh salmon and banok, heat up bread.